USS PENNSYLVANIA

Date1908

Object number00040665

NamePostcard

MediumInk on paper

Dimensions88 x 140 mm

ClassificationsPosters and postcards

Credit LineANMM Collection Purchased with USA Bicentennial Gift funds

Terms

DescriptionThis postcard features a black and white photographic image of the United States armoured cruiser PENNSYLVANIA. It was one of a series of cards by Waldon Fawcett who photographed ships of the Spanish American War and vessels that later participated in the Great White Fleet. This series was created before 1908, some as early as 1904. Patriotic postcards such as this were produced to commemorate the Great White Fleet world tour in 1907 - 1909.HistoryIn December 1907 United States President Theodore Roosevelt sent the US Atlantic Battle Fleet of 16 battleships on a 14 month goodwill cruise around the world. The fleet was a chance for the Navy to practice seamanship and express America's world power. Roosevelt was also concerned about rising Japanese aggression and their expansionist foreign policy. The cruise would be a political and public relations exercise to build domestic support for more naval construction. Led by the flagship, USS CONNECTICUT, the Great White Fleet as it became known, consisted of 16 battleships painted white, as was the practice of all US Navy ships in times of peace. The ships sailed in four divisions of four ships each. Early in the voyage the order of the ships was altered to allow the best-looking vessels to be at the front of the fleet. The cruise incorporated six continents, 26 countries and 32 ports with 614 officers and 13,504 crew. It consumed 435,000 tons of coal, more than any other naval expedition and was the largest fleet to ever accomplish a circumnavigation of the globe. The Great White Fleet began its tour on 16 December 1907 from Hampton Roads, Virginia. The Fleet sailed to Trinidad, the British West Indies, Brazil, Chile, Peru and Mexico before sailing up the West Coast of America. The Fleet landed at San Diego, Los Angeles, Santa Barbara, Monterey and then San Francisco, California. The Fleet departed San Francisco on 7 July 1908 for the third and final legs of its tour, visiting Hawaii, New Zealand, Australia, the Philippine’s, Japan, Ceylon and Egypt. The Fleet visited Messina, Italy in January 1909 to offer support and assistance following an earthquake, and after departing Messina, the Fleet visited Naples and Gibraltar before returning home to Hampton Roads, Virginia on 22 February 1909. Vast arrays of souvenirs were produced for a population caught up in the euphoria generated by the Great White Fleet's world tour. Badges, medallions, pins, postcards and photographs all reflected the enthusiasm surrounding the tour. The United States Navy armoured cruiser USS PENNSYLVANIA was launched on 22 August 1903 by William Cramp and Sons in Pennsylvania. Under the command of Captain Thomas C. McLean, PENNSYLVANIA served in the Caribbean and Eastern Seabord from 1905, until joining the Asiatic Station in 1906. In October 1907 USS PENNSYLVANIA was assigned to Rear Admiral Uriel Sebree's Special Service Squadron known as the "Pathfinders". Two months before the Great White Fleet world tour would begin, the Pathfinders were dispatched by President Theodore Roosevelt to traverse the route and report back on any military or political problems that they encountered on the way, paving the route for the 16 battleships from the Fleet. In January 1911 PENNSYLVANIA hosted the first successful aircraft landing on a ship, with the use of a tailhook device. From mid 1911, USS PENNSYLVANIA was placed in reserve and used to train naval militia. In 1912 the cruiser was renamed PITTSBURGH.SignificanceThe tour of the American Great White Fleet in 1908 was an event of enormous proportions. Souvenir items such as this postcard demonstrate the excitement the visit generated around the world.