Nine pearl shell disks, with an outline of a cruciform in resin where nuclei were once attached

Maker Denis George (Australian, 1917 - 2001)

Date1957-1977

Object number00044061

NamePearl shell disks

MediumPearl shell

DimensionsOverall: 2 x 21.5 x 33 mm, 2.91 g

ClassificationsAnimals and animal products

Credit LineANMM Collection Gift from the George Family and Adrian Jackson

Terms

pearl

DescriptionThese oval pearl shell disks have an outline of a cultured cruciform blister pearl in resin. The nuclei would have originally been attached to the disks in the shape of a cross, a shape which Denis George developed himself.HistoryFor thousands of years, coastal Indigenous Australians collected pearl shell by combing the beach while the tide was out, and traded them with inland Aboriginal groups. The European-Australian pearling industry began in the 1850s and by the early 20th century pearlers from north Western Australia, the Northern Territory, and the Torres Strait were supplying 75 per cent of the world's pearl shell. A valuable material before the days of plastic, pearl shell sold for £150 per ton in Sydney in the 1860s. The abundant, versatile and decorative mother-of-pearl - the highly polished and shinny inner surface of a mollusc shell - had been used for centuries to make buttons, which were affordable for those with modest budgets. Before the creation of cultured pearls in the early 1900s natural pearls were extremely rare and expensive, and mother-of-pearl was used an inexpensive alternative in a range of jewellery and accessories. It was also used to make buckles, cases and cutlery, and was used as inlay in watches, furniture, ornaments and instruments. After World War II the Australian pearl-shell industry suffered a down turn. Over harvesting meant that supply was low, and the development of plastics in the 1950s replaced a number of mother-of-pearl products - particularly buttons. By the 1960s the Torres Strait pearling industry had ceased, however innovations in pearl cultivation technology ensured the Western Australian industry survived. Today, Broome is known as the 'pearl capital' of Australia, and maintains a strong pearl cultivation industry. SignificanceThese disks demonstrates the use of mother-of-pearl in the 19th and 20th centuries. The decorative, versatile and abundant material was in high demand before the development of plastics, and was found in large quantities off the northern coast of Australia. The industry played a major role in the economy of Australia from the 1850s to 1950s.