T. Stokes, 100 Collins Street East Melbourne, military ornament, button & token maker
Date1862
Object number00051310
NameMerchant token
MediumCopper alloy
DimensionsOverall: 1 x 34 mm
ClassificationsCoins and medals
Credit LineANMM Collection
DescriptionCirculating widely throughout the colonies in the period following the Australian gold rush, tokens bearing the names of local merchants were tolerated as an unofficial coinage for just over a decade. They reflect the great variety of businesses operating in Australia during this period of unprecedented growth and prosperity.HistoryThe first copper tokens were introduced in Melbourne in 1849 and tokens circulated freely in colonial Australia until 1868 (when they became illegal in New South Wales) and reflect pressures on coinage in the period following the Australian gold rush when tokens filled the role of an unofficial coinage. An advertisement in the Melbourne Argus (20 October 1849) cited the reason for introducing copper tokens:
"To obviate the extreme inconvenience occasioned by the scarcity of coppers, particularly by grocers, who have not unfrequently to pay a premium of from sixpence to a shilling a pound for their Saturday night's supply [of coins], Mr. Councillor Annand has had coined at Birmingham, a large supply of penny pieces, having on one side the figure of Britannia, and one the obverse the inscription, ANNAND, SMITH & Co family grocers Melbourne".
They were manufactured both locally and overseas and served both as low denomination coins (typically pennies and halfpennies), and advertising for merchants in the various colonies of Australia. As the shortage of official copper coins diminished in the second half of the nineteenth century, tokens became a nuisance and they were collected and sold for their scrap metal value.
Birmingham makers of tokens were Allen and Moore; Heaton and Sons; Pope & Co; and Smith and Kemp. London token makers were WJTaylor; and Coard.
In Sydney tokens were made by JC Thornthwaite; Hogarth and Erichsen; and Whitty and Brown. In Melbourne - Thomas Stokes; Stokes and Martin; and WJ Taylor.
SignificanceThese tokens are significant as a reflection of the surge in population and rapid growth in trade in the Australian colonies following the Australian gold rush. During this period there was insufficient official coinage to cope with demand, and tokens were accepted for just over a decade to fill the void. Bearing the names and addresses of various merchant houses throughout the colonies, they represent a snap shot of colonial enterprise in the middle of the nineteenth century.
