Maŋgalili Monuk
Date1998
Object number00033826
NameBark painting
MediumNatural pigments on bark
DimensionsOverall: 2810 × 920 mm, 15.9 kg
Copyright© Baluka Maymuru
ClassificationsArt
Credit LineANMM Collection Purchased with the assistance of Stephen Grant of the GrantPirrie Gallery
DescriptionThis bark painting explains the flow of sacred waters from Maywundji into the saltwater country of Milniyawuy, a region shared by the Mangalili and Munyuku clans. It is designed to be read from the bottom to the top. It features depictions of the ancestors Dulawarri and Bargarrnal (dingoes), Guthiny (rat), Galayarr (heron), Balin (barramundi) Gayitj (the lightning serpent), Minyga (garfish), Makani (queenfish), Balamaynu (hawkesbill turtle), Yambirrku (parrot fish), Getkit (terns) and Gopu (tuna).HistoryThe Yolŋu people of Arnhem Land inhabit a landscape that was formed by the actions of ancestral beings, who can take both human and animal form. For instance water now flows where these creatures walked and hills have formed where they died. Ancestral time is not just in the past but also the present and future. In light of this the sacred landscape and stories of East Arnhem Land are central to the Yolŋu people’s way of life and prominent themes in their bark paintings.
The Saltwater Project began in 1996 after an illegal fishing camp was discovered at Garranali, a sacred Aboriginal site in East Arnhem Land. This sacred area is home to the ancestral crocodile Bäru and found among the litter of the illegal camp was the severed head of a crocodile. This discovery prompted the local Yolŋu people to produce a series of bark paintings that expressed the rules, philosophies and stories of their region. The project culminated in the production of 80 barks and allowed the Indigenous community to educate others about the social history, geography and personal stories of their traditional homeland. They stressed the importance of Yolŋu land ownership, laws and codes of behaviour for those who interacted with the landscape and sacred Indigenous places.
The Yolŋu have been involved in the land rights struggle since the 1960s. They currently are recognised as the traditional owners of northeast Arnhem Land under the Aboriginal Land Rights Act. This act was passed in the Northern Territory in 1976 and is seen as the benchmark in the recognition of Aboriginal land ownership in Australia. Despite this the issues of Indigenous land ownership, rights, customs and law continue to be contentious in the Australian legal system and wider community.SignificanceThis is one of eighty barks that were painted by the Yolŋu people of East Arnhem Land for the Saltwater Project. It represents their effort to affirm ownership of the saltwater coastline by expressing their laws, stories and customs.
This ancestral story is fundamental to the people belonging to the Yirritja moiety of the Maŋgalili clan in the homeland of Djarrakpi.
