Water Carrier : Sakka
Artist
Lance Thackeray
(British, 1869 - 1916)
Publisher
A & C Black Ltd
(founded 1807)
Date1910
Object numberANMS1112[024]
NamePostcard
MediumPaper
DimensionsOverall: 140 x 88 mm
ClassificationsPosters and postcards
Credit LineANMM Collection Gift from Helen Clift
DescriptionMiscellaneous papers relating to the service of Royal Australian Naval Brigade Petty Officer Douglas Ballantyne Fraser, a naval reservist who served in the 1st Royal Australian Naval Bridging Train (1st RANBT) in Gallipoli (Suvla Bay), Suez Canal and Palestine, 1915 - 1917.
HistoryAustralia's role in World War I is well known. The men who fought at Anzac Cove, in the Middle East and on the Western Front have received the lion's share of attention for their heroic deeds and sacrifice. Yet it was a small, all but forgotten naval engineering unit, the 1st Royal Australian Naval Bridging Train (1st RANBT), which was the most decorated unit in the Royal Australian Navy during the war. From their commander, Lieutenant Commander Leighton Seymour Bracegirdle, who was awarded a DSO (Distinguished Service Order) and through the ranks, the men of the 1st RANBT were decorated more than twenty times for their service at Suvla Bay, the Suez Canal and in the Sinai during 1915-1917.
The origins of the 1st RANBT lie with the Royal Australian Naval Brigade (RANB) which was the RAN's - primarily non-seagoing - reserve organisation during the First World War. Nearly 3,000 men served in the Brigade's ranks during the war; in its heyday it included 2,817 officers and men.
The brigade provided over 1,500 men for overseas service.
An RANB contingent was sent as part of an Australian Naval and Military Expeditionary Force (ANMEF) to assist with the taking of German New Guinea and other German Pacific Territories in September 1914. The bulk of the men served in the Naval Bridging Train (RANBT) operating at Gallipoli and Egypt; while another contingent of some 300 men was later sent as reinforcements for the AIF.
Other naval reservists in the RANB served mainly in Australian defended ports and carried out a variety of non-seagoing duties, e.g. guarding naval installations, operating harbour patrols, providing inspection ('Examination') services, manning boarding parties, lookouts and wireless stations. Following the loss of the steamship Cumberland to a mine off Gabo Island in July 1917, the Naval Brigade was also tasked with mine-sweeping in waters around Australia's principal ports. The RANB operated 63 vessels and small craft in Australian waters during the First World War. It was renamed the Royal Australian Naval Reserve.
Towards the end of 1914 information received from England indicated an acute need for engineers and other skilled men ('artificers') - especially bridge and pontoon builders - to provide logistical support in the expanding trench warfare along the Western Front. In February 1915 the Naval Board and Commonwealth Government of Australia offered to the Imperial War Council a mounted engineering and logistics unit - a Naval Bridging Train - made up of RANB personnel. This offer was immediately accepted and RAN lieutenants Bracegirdle and Bond were appointed to command it; both officers had served in the ANMEF's New Guinea campaign, but Lt. Bracegirdle was more senior in terms of active service, as he had also served as a midshipman in the Australian naval brigade contingent that was sent to China during the 'Boxer' rebellion in 1900.
The RANBT was officially formed in Melbourne on 24 February 1915 and set up a camp in the Domain Gardens that would eventually house the unit's 350-odd strong initial complement; here they also received (loaded on horse-drawn carts and wagons) their first pontoons that were built at the Cockatoo Island naval dockyard in Sydney.
The unit immediately began training in horsemanship, engineering, and pontoon bridge construction, but an acute shortage of material led to delays in training.
When the men finally departed from Melbourne on June 3rd 1915 in the PORT MACQUARIE, they had not received all their training, most importantly no training in pontoon construction; it was decided that they would complete training on arrival in England.
Immediately problems arose when the ship sailed into tropical waters in the Indian Ocean; many of the recently stalled horses, acclimatized to the Melbourne winter, began to die from heat exhaustion. When the ship pulled into Bombay on 28 June, 79 of the unit's 412 horses were dead. The remainder were offloaded for use by the Indian Army.
The ship proceeded from Bombay through the Suez Canal to Port Said where the unit's orders were changed; the Bridging Train was being diverted to the Dardanelles to assist the IX Army Corps' landing at Suvla Bay on the Gallipoli Peninsula. From Port Said the unit went to the island of Lemnos, was attached to the IX Army Corps under British command and subsequently underwent six days and nights of intensive training in pontoon-bridge construction on the nearby island of Imbros.
On 8 August 1915 the unit landed under fire at Suvla Bay, several miles to the north of the Australian and New Zealand units fighting at Anzac Cove. The unit's talents at bridge and pier building were evident from the moment they arrived, when they were ordered to 'Old A' beach in Suvla Bay to install a pontoon pier. They had the pier operational within twenty minutes of towing it to 'Old A' beach.
The Bridging Train continued its operations at Suvla Bay until mid December 1915 and in that time it was responsible for a variety of logistical support tasks which included building and maintaining the wharves and piers they had constructed, unloading stores from lighters, delivering and controlling the potable water supply for combat troops ashore, and repairing equipment, etc.
During their time at Suvla Bay they were constantly under artillery fire which, miracuously, only killed two men. Sixty RANBT men were wounded at Suvla Bay. Several more men died from disease or accident. Despite the occasional arrival of groups of reinforcements from Australia, the unit remained under strength for the remainder of their service overseas.
Eventually the Allied forces were evacuated from the Gallipoli Peninsula; the bulk of RANBT men had left by 18 December, except for a group of 50 men who were assigned to LaLa Baba Beach to maintain the wharf from which the British rearguard units would be leaving. Those fifty men of the RANBT maintained the wharf and at 0430 on 20 December 1915 they were the last Australians to be evacuated from the Gallipoli Peninsula, twenty minutes after the last Australian troops left ANZAC Cove.
Upon return to the island of Lemnos, the RANBT was stationed in Moudros for the rest of December 1915 and January 1916. The unit received high praise from the English Brigadier General E H Bland, but did irreparable damage to its reputation when 189 men mutinied on 13 January 1916 after not receiving pay for over five weeks. The men were eventually paid and the situation was resolved.
In February 1916 the unit was sent to the Suez Canal to operate 'swinging' pontoon bridges across the canal and was once again placed under British command. It is at this point that many of the men began to request transfers to other units, either because of lingering resentments from the mutiny or because they found operating and maintaining the Suez Canal bridges boring, menial and beneath them. Eighty eight men were allowed to transfer to the 1st Australian Imperial Force (AIF) and departed for the Western Front, but a second, similar request two months later was refused by Bracegirdle, who was keen to receive orders that would see the unit transfered to England to join up with the Royal Navy Division, per the original intention in February 1915.
Action for the men of the RANBT finally came in December 1916 when a detachment of 50 men was ordered to participate in the attack of El Arish by constructing a pier to unload supplies onto the beach. The RANBT detachment also performed well at El Arish and as a result the unit was withdrawn from duty on the Suez Canal to be attached to forces advancing into Palestine. However, they were soon withdrawn because of earlier complaints the men had made about their service on the Suez Canal. It was decided by Federal Parliament to disband the unit and allow the men to join the AIF or the RN.
On 27 March 1917 the 1st RANBT was officially disbanded; men from the unit transferred to the AIF, the Royal Navy or to other combat units. On 29 May 1917 the remaining 194 men of the unit embarked at Suez in HMAT BULLA bound for Melbourne. The unit arrived in Melbourne on 10 July 1917 and was dispersed.
Bibliography
- Bean, Charles. Official history of Australia in the War of 1914-1918, Vol. IX-The Royal Australian Navy: 1914-1918, 9th ed. Sydney: Angus and Robertson, 1941.
- Frame, T.R. and Swinden, G.J. First In, Last Out: The Navy at Gallipoli. Kenthurst: Kangaroo Press, 1990.
- Frame, Tom. 'The Shores of Gallipoli: naval dimensions of the Anzac Campaign'. Sydney, Hale & Ironmonger, 2000
- Swinden, Greg. 'The Royal Australian Naval Bridging Train', General RAN History. Sea Power Centre Australia. Copyright Commonwealth of Australia 2006. http://www.navy.gov.au/spc/history/general/rain.html. Accessed 13 February 2007.
Douglas Fraser had joined the Royal Australian Naval Brigade Reserve (RANB) as a 16 year old in 1911. Upon outbreak of the 1st World War he was called up to serve as a signalman in the Sydney Harbour pilot vessel CAPTAIN COOK.
He volunteered for overseas' service by joining the 1st Royal Australian Naval Bridging Train (1st RANBT) in February 1915, which distinguished itself as a cohesive, competent and highly effective engineering and logistics unit that facilitated the British landings at - and subsequent withdrawal from - Suvla Bay on Gallipoli and was then posted to Egypt to build, guard and operate bridges across the Suez Canal.
Fraser served as the CO's 'confidential writer'; he was also part of the RANBT contingent that assisted the Allied landing at El Arish and the subsequent push into Palestine in 1917. He returned to Australia in July 1917 and served in the RAN for the remainder of the war.
Upon demobilisation, Fraser qualified as a solicitor; a profession he practiced until his retirement in the late 1950s.
Fraser's interests in later life -e.g. in amateur theatre- are reflected by some of the material in this collection, which contains a paperback copy (16th edition) of RG Sherriff's play 'Journey's End' (1929) which Fraser probably used when learning lines to play the part of 2nd Lieutenant Raleigh in a 1933 production of this best-selling and award-winning 'anti-war' play. Like Fraser, the rest of the actors in this production of Journey's End, which was staged at the Empire Theatre in Goulburn by the 'Goulburn Diggers' theater group in aid of the Graythwaite Home for convalescent servicemen in North Sydney, were also former servicemen.
His apparent ongoing interest in logistics attending major seaborne military assaults is reflected by the 3 booklets he collected in the French series 'Les Grandes Heures de 1939 - 1945'. These booklets describe the Allied invasion in Normandy during the Second World War and include pictures and descriptions of the beachhead docking facilities (the pre-fabricated 'Mulberries') put in place by Allied naval engineering units to facilitate landing the huge numbers of Allied troops and the millions of tonnes of equipment, fuel and supplies they needed to fight successfully and break-through against the German Army during the Battle of Normandy that raged for several months after the D-Day landings (6 June 1944) on Normandy's beaches.
This collection also includes a number of newspaper clippings describing the exploits of various men, the conditions they lived under while in the field and their general duties as members of the 1st RANBT at Suvla Bay, which was described as "as queer a unit as was ever devised" (by journalist George Blaikie in the clipping headlined 'Sailors all at Sea')
In his article Blaikie relates a story about two RANBT men who were technically 'awol' from their beach camp one afternoon -to engage in some 'sport' (i.e. stalking and shooting Turkish soldiers in retribution for being shelled by them) - and during this episode saved the life of a wounded English stretcher bearer serving with the British Army's 32nd Field Ambulance stationed nearby the RANBT's camp.
This story is borne out in the Suvla Bay reminiscences by a British sergeant called John Hargrave, whose published description of this event may have contributed towards the genesis or perpetuation of the stereotypical British perception of the easy-going, anti-authoritarian, irreverent 'bronzed Aussie' digger.
SignificanceThese objects are significant because they relate to a naval reservist who served in a little known and relatively unheralded unit of the Royal Australian Navy in WWI. These objects are a material record of the overseas service -on Gallipoli and in the Middle East- of a Petty Officer in the 1st Royal Australian Naval Bridging Train (RANBT) during WWI. Very little material evidence associated with the RANBT has survived and most of the unit's history is known only in relatively small circles, possibly because the 1st RANBT was not at Anzac Cove! 
